Cairo: The Council of the League of Arab States at the ministerial level, in its 164th ordinary session held at the headquarters of the General Secretariat in Cairo, called on the international community to intervene immediately to protect the Palestinian people from Israeli crimes and aggression in accordance with international law, international legitimacy resolutions, and the relevant international and regional agreements and treaties.
It affirmed support for the joint Qatari-Egyptian efforts aimed at reaching a permanent ceasefire agreement and restoring normal life in the Gaza Strip.
In the resolutions issued by its 164th ordinary session, the Council stressed the centrality of the Palestinian cause to the entire Arab nation, the Arab identity of occupied Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Palestine, and the right of the State of Palestine to full sovereignty over all its territories occupied in 1967, including East Jerusalem, its airspace, territorial waters, natural resources, and borders with neighboring states.
The Council strongly condemned the crimes of aggression, war, genocide, and crimes against humanity committed by Israel, the occupying power, against the Palestinian people in Gaza and the occupied West Bank, including Jerusalem.
It denounced the decisions and plans of the Israeli occupation government to annex the West Bank, impose full military control over Gaza, and displace the Palestinian people, stressing that these constitute a flagrant aggression against all Arab states, their national security, and their political and economic interests, as well as a threat to regional and international peace and security.
The Council also confirmed its strong condemnation and absolute rejection of statements by the Israeli prime minister regarding his pursuit of what he called a Greater Israel vision, stressing that this poses a threat to Arab national security and undermines international peace and security, requiring a collective response.
The Arab League Council called on the UN Security Council to adopt a resolution under Chapter VII of the UN Charter that would compel Israel, the occupying power, to comply with relevant Security Council resolutions regarding the immediate cessation of fire and genocide against the Palestinian people, the delivery of humanitarian aid to Gaza, the implementation of the orders and opinions of the International Court of Justice, and the prevention of the displacement of the Palestinian people outside their land. It also called on the two Arab members of the Security Council (Algeria and Somalia) and the Arab Group in New York to continue efforts to achieve this.
The Council condemned Israel’s use of starvation as a weapon of genocide, which led to the deaths of hundreds of children and civilians, as well as the death traps set up by Israeli occupation forces under the so-called Gaza Humanitarian Foundation, which resulted in thousands of martyrs and wounded. It called on the international community to act immediately to end the systematic starvation imposed by Israel against the Palestinian people, which has caused famine to spread in Gaza, as revealed in the international Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) report issued on Aug. 22, 2025.
The Council affirmed the follow-up on the implementation of Arab and Islamic summit decisions to break the Israeli blockade of Gaza and to enforce the entry of sufficient humanitarian relief convoys into the entire Strip, by land, sea, and air, in cooperation and coordination with the United Nations and its specialized agencies, including UNRWA.
The Arab League Council categorically rejected any form of displacement of the Palestinian people from their land, and any attempts to change the demographic composition of Palestinian territory, considering this a form of genocide, a grave violation of international law and international legitimacy resolutions, and a subversion of efforts to achieve a just and lasting peace.
The Council also called for concerted efforts by the international community, states and international organizations, to oblige Israel, the occupying power, to end its illegal occupation of Palestinian land along the Jun. 4, 1967 lines, to fully remove its effects, and to pay compensation for damages as soon as possible.
It urged the implementation of the International Court of Justice’s advisory opinion issued on Jul. 19, 2024, and the UN General Assembly resolution A/RES/ES-10/24-10 adopted on Sep. 18, 2024, which endorsed the outcomes of the advisory opinion.
The Arab foreign ministers called on all states to apply legal and administrative measures, including banning the export, transfer, or transit of weapons, ammunition, and military materials to Israel, conducting an immediate review of economic relations with it, and initiating national and international investigations and prosecutions of Israeli officials responsible for crimes against the Palestinian people.
The Council welcomed the positions of states that have already taken concrete steps to this effect.
The Council stressed the need to implement the outcomes of the high-level international conference on resolving the Palestinian issue and implementing the two-state solution, held at the UN headquarters in New York from Jul. 28 to 30, 2025, under the chairmanship of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the French Republic.
It expressed appreciation for their efforts in ensuring its success, and emphasized the importance of the final document, which included urgent measures and a timetable to end the war in Gaza, and a commitment to a political path for a comprehensive and just peaceful settlement in line with relevant international references.
It welcomed the New York Declaration issued by the conference.
The Council also urged Arab states to participate actively in the upcoming summit-level conference on the two-state solution, to be held on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly in New York this September.
It welcomed the results of the fifth meeting of the International Coalition to Implement the Two-State Solution, held in Rabat on May 20, 2025, under the chairmanship of the Kingdom of Morocco and the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
The Arab League Council announced its adoption and support of the State of Palestine’s right to full membership in the United Nations, and called on the Security Council to accept this membership in line with the provisions of UN General Assembly Resolution A/ES-10/L.30 of May 9, 2024.
It welcomed the announcement of states intending to recognize the State of Palestine during the upcoming 80th session of the General Assembly, considering it a step in the right direction toward ending the Israeli occupation and realizing the two-state solution on the basis of international legitimacy resolutions and the Arab Peace Initiative.
The Council urged states that have not yet recognized the State of Palestine to do so immediately, and to support its right to join international organizations and treaties, in line with the principle of sovereign equality among states in the international community.
The Council of the League of Arab States affirmed its support for President Mahmoud Abbas, his vision, and his ongoing reform efforts, welcoming the commitments he expressed in his two letters to Crown Prince and Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud and French President Emmanuel Macron.
It stressed support for enabling the State of Palestine to assume full governing responsibilities in the Gaza Strip, within the framework of political and geographical unity of the Palestinian territory occupied in 1967, with Arab and international backing, on the basis of adherence to the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people, its political program, its international commitments, and the principle of one system, one law, and one legitimate weapon, in accordance with the vision presented by President Mahmoud Abbas at the recent Baghdad Summit.
The Council strongly condemned Israel’s systematic and widespread crimes against the Palestinian people, including the systematic destruction of Palestinian refugee camps and their infrastructure; the daily incursions into dozens of Palestinian towns, villages, and camps, settler terrorism, the killing and wounding of hundreds of Palestinian civilians, the demolition, burning, and destruction of homes, farms, and properties, the arrest and torture of thousands of Palestinians under inhumane conditions, the establishment of hundreds of additional checkpoints separating Palestinian communities from one another; and the Israeli separation wall that fragments the geographic unity of Palestinian land.
The Council also condemned and rejected Israel’s approval of the colonial settlement plan known as (E1), which includes the construction of thousands of settlement units in Jerusalem and its surroundings, completely isolating it from its Palestinian environment on all four sides, and entrenching the division of the West Bank into isolated areas and cantons. It stressed that any Israeli annexation of parts of the land occupied in 1967 constitutes a war crime, and called on the international community to intervene immediately to stop these illegal Israeli plans and policies.
The participants urged the International Court of Justice to expedite its ruling on the case filed by South Africa and other countries against Israel for failing to meet its obligations under the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
They expressed appreciation to states that joined the case and urged peace-loving, law-abiding countries to do the same.
They also called on all states to cooperate with the International Criminal Court in executing arrest warrants it has issued against Israeli officials responsible for crimes against the Palestinian people, to activate universal jurisdiction in their national courts, and to reject US sanctions imposed on ICC judges and its Prosecutor’s Office, considering these measures political and obstructive to the path of international justice.
The Council further urged the International Criminal Court to complete its criminal investigation into war crimes and crimes against humanity committed and still being committed by Israel against the defenseless Palestinian people, including crimes of settlement, annexation, genocide, aggression against Gaza, and the killing of civilians, doctors, journalists, paramedics, and civil defense teams, as well as the forced displacement of Palestinians.
The participants also urged human rights associations, bar associations, civil society organizations, and Arab and Islamic communities in countries with universal jurisdiction to file lawsuits against war criminals and occupation soldiers who took part in crimes against the Palestinian people.
They reaffirmed the implementation of Arab summit decisions to break the Israeli blockade on Gaza and to enforce the entry of sufficient humanitarian and relief aid into the entire Strip, by land, sea, and air.
The Council called on the United States to review its biased positions in favor of Israel, the occupying power, and to pressure it to stop its aggression and crimes against the Palestinian people and end its illegal occupation.
It also called on the US to reverse its illegal relocation of its embassy to occupied Jerusalem, reopen its consulate in East Jerusalem, annul its classification of the Palestine Liberation Organization, the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people, as a terrorist organization, and reopen the PLO mission in Washington.
The participants rejected the US decision to prevent the Palestinian delegation, led by President Mahmoud Abbas, from attending the 80th session of the UN General Assembly, considering this arbitrary measure a violation of international law and of US obligations under the 1947 UN Headquarters Agreement.
They affirmed that denying Palestine, as an observer state at the UN, its inherent right to participate in the General Assembly’s work severely undermines the credibility of the US as host country of the international organization.
They demanded the US immediately rescind this unlawful decision, and called on all UN member states and the Secretary-General to take necessary diplomatic and legal steps to annul this arbitrary measure and ensure Palestine’s full participation in the Assembly’s meetings.
The Council affirmed the need to take measures to boycott all companies and business institutions operating in Israeli colonial settlements and within the occupation system in Palestinian and Arab territories occupied in 1967, as listed in the UN Human Rights Council database, as well as those identified in the UN Special Rapporteur’s report as contributing to the Israeli occupation economy and genocide. It stressed holding these companies accountable for their unlawful activities.
It also emphasized the necessity of placing extremist Israeli organizations and groups that storm Al-Aqsa Mosque and are linked to colonial settlement, listed in the Permanent Representatives’ Committee report of Jan. 30, 2024 on Arab national terrorism lists.
It called for publicizing the shame list included in that report of Israeli figures propagating genocidal rhetoric and incitement against the Palestinian people, as a step toward initiating legal action against them and prosecuting them at national and international levels.
The Council called on all states to provide political, financial, and legal support for the Arab-Islamic plan for recovery and reconstruction in Gaza, and to help Palestinians remain on their land.
It welcomed the convening of an international conference in Cairo for this purpose as soon as possible, in coordination with Palestine and the United Nations, urging states and international and regional financial institutions to swiftly provide the financial resources needed to implement the plan.
The Council reiterated its adherence to just and comprehensive peace as a strategic option to end the Israeli occupation and resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict in line with international law and relevant UN resolutions, including Security Council Resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 497 (1981), 1515 (2003), and 2334 (2016), the principle of land for peace, and the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative.
It affirmed that security and peace in the region can only be achieved through ending the Israeli colonial occupation of the State of Palestine with East Jerusalem as its capital, and of the occupied Syrian Golan Heights, and called on the international community to take irreversible steps to realize Palestinian independence and implement a political solution based on international law and legitimacy.
The Council also affirmed adherence to the Arab Peace Initiative with all its elements and priorities, as the unified Arab consensus and the foundation of any effort to revive Middle East peace.
It stressed that the precondition for peace with Israel and normalization of relations is Israel’s withdrawal from all Palestinian and Arab territories, including the occupied Syrian Golan, Shebaa Farms, Kfar Shouba Hills, and the outskirts of the Lebanese town of al-Mari, and the realization of an independent Palestinian state with full sovereignty along the June 4, 1967 lines with East Jerusalem as its capital. It reiterated the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including their right to self-determination, the right of return, and compensation for refugees, with a just resolution of their issue in line with UN General Assembly Resolution 194 of 1948.
It emphasized that any peace plan inconsistent with the international references for the Middle East peace process is rejected and bound to fail, and rejected any political or financial pressure exerted on the Palestinian people and leadership aimed at imposing unjust solutions to the Palestinian issue.
The Council of the League of Arab States condemned the targeting of workers, facilities, and equipment of international organizations operating in relief and humanitarian fields, including attacks on UNRWA buildings, holding the Israeli occupation forces fully responsible for these crimes, which reflect their approach in dealing with UN personnel and those working in global relief, humanitarian, and medical sectors.
Regarding the Syrian state, the Council of the League of Arab States affirmed its support for the just demand and right of the Syrian Arab Republic to regain the entirety of the occupied Syrian Arab Golan up to the Jun. 4, 1967 line, on the basis of the peace process grounded in UN Security Council Resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1974), and 497 (1981), the principle of land for peace, and building on what was achieved within the framework of the 1991 Madrid Peace Conference.
The Council also reiterated that the continued occupation of the Syrian Arab Golan since 1967 constitutes an ongoing threat to peace and security in the region and the world, and reaffirmed adherence to international legitimacy, particularly successive UN General Assembly resolutions on the Occupied Syrian Golan, all of which affirm the applicability of the 1949 Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War to the occupied Syrian Arab Golan.
It considered Israel’s imposition, being the occupying power, of its laws, jurisdiction, and administration on the Golan null and void, with no legal effect whatsoever.
The participants condemned Israel’s incursion, as the occupying power, into Syrian territory within the buffer zone with the Syrian Arab Republic and across a chain of adjacent sites on Mount Hermon, as well as additional areas in Quneitra and Rural Damascus Governorates and in Daraa Governorate, which amounts to further occupation of Syrian lands in violation of the 1974 Disengagement Agreement between Syria and Israel, and a clear breach of the UN Charter and Security Council Resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), and 497 (1981).
The Council affirmed that the 1974 Disengagement Agreement between the Syrian Arab Republic and Israel, the occupying power, remains in force pursuant to Security Council Resolution 350 (1974) and under the rules of international law, and as a result the agreement should be left unaffected by Syria’s political changes.
It stressed the importance of the continued role of the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF), the need to expose Israeli violations, and the obligation of the parties to fully comply with all provisions of the agreement until Israel’s complete withdrawal from the occupied Syrian Arab Golan.
It called on the United Nations to carry out its tasks under this agreement and to act immediately to halt Israeli breaches of its terms.
The Council condemned Israeli practices in the occupied Syrian Arab Golan, including the seizure and confiscation of agricultural lands; the plunder of natural resources, including subsoil wealth such as oil exploration and extraction for the benefit of Israel’s economy, and the depletion of water resources by drilling wells, building dams, drawing lake waters, and diverting them for settlers’ benefit, thereby depriving Syrian farmers of key water sources for irrigating crops and watering livestock.
It affirmed that these resources are the exclusive property of the people of the occupied Syrian Arab Golan, as established by charters, agreements, and international legitimacy resolutions.
The Council affirmed the Arab position of full solidarity with the Syrian Arab Republic and the Lebanese Republic, and standing with them in the face of Israel’s ongoing aggressions and threats, considering any attack on them an attack on the Arab nation.
It called on the administration of President Donald Trump to rescind the decision taken on March 25, 2019 recognizing Israel’s sovereignty, as the occupying power, over the occupied Syrian Arab Golan, deeming it null and void in form and substance and a serious violation of the UN Charter, which does not recognize the acquisition of others’ land by force, and of unanimous Security Council resolutions, foremost among them 242 (1967), 338 (1974), and 497 (1981), all of which clearly indicate non-recognition of Israel’s annexation of the occupied Syrian Arab Golan, and which view it as a violation of the principles of international law that undermines efforts to achieve the comprehensive peace sought by the region’s states and peoples.
Regarding the Lebanese state, the Council of the League of Arab States affirmed support for the Lebanese government’s decision to confine arms exclusively to the Lebanese Army and security forces, and nowhere else, across all Lebanese territory before the end of the current year 2025, and to withdraw weapons from all Lebanese and non-Lebanese armed groups and hand them over to the Lebanese Army, based on the Taif Agreement and the relevant international resolutions.
This is also in implementation of what was stated in the inaugural address of the President of the Lebanese Republic, Joseph Aoun, and the government’s ministerial statement, and it welcomed the start of the process of handing over Palestinian weapons in the Palestinian camps in Lebanon to the Lebanese authorities pursuant to the agreement concluded with the President of the Republic.
The Council emphasized its support for the Lebanese state in imposing its sovereignty and control over the entirety of Lebanese territory and in consolidating lasting stability and security for the Lebanese people, and rejected any external interference in Lebanon’s sovereign decisions concerning the exclusivity of arms with the Lebanese state.
The Council affirmed Arab support for the financial, judicial, economic, and administrative reform path launched by the Lebanese government, welcomed the series of reform laws approved by the Lebanese Parliament as part of necessary reforms; and welcomed the establishment of many new regulatory authorities for key sectors to activate the work of government institutions and all sectors, propelling the country toward recovery and restoring the confidence of the international community.
It affirmed support for Lebanon’s constitutional institutions in exercising their powers in a manner that strengthens national unity, and a commitment to provide support to Lebanon to confront the economic, financial, and monetary challenges it is facing and their potentially grave repercussions on stability and social security, helping it regain its vitality and meet the Lebanese people’s aspirations for a more secure, prosperous, and stable future.
The Council strongly condemned Israel’s ongoing aggression against Lebanon and its targeting of civilians, its continued and escalating violations of Lebanon’s sovereignty and the inviolability of its territory, its occupation of Lebanese land, and its breach of its obligations under the declaration to cease hostilities that entered into force on Nov. 27, 2024.
It supported Lebanon’s position calling for the full and comprehensive implementation, without fragmentation or selectivity, of Security Council Resolution 1701, and a return to compliance with the provisions of the General Armistice Agreement between Lebanon and Israel signed under UN supervision on Mar. 23, 1949.
It also supported the Lebanese state’s political and diplomatic efforts with the international community to pressure Israel to withdraw immediately, fully, and unconditionally from all Lebanese territories it occupies.
Regarding maritime navigation, the Council of the League of Arab States affirmed the principle of freedom of navigation in international waters in accordance with established rules of international law and the Law of the Sea conventions. It called for ensuring the security and safety of maritime navigation in the Arabian Gulf, the Sea of Oman, and the Red Sea, and for safeguarding energy supply routes.
The Council condemned all actions targeting the security and safety of navigation, offshore facilities, energy supplies, oil pipelines, and petroleum installations in the Arabian Gulf and other waterways, describing them as actions that threaten the security of Arab states, undermine Arab national security, and harm international peace and security.
It affirmed the necessity of confronting existing threats to freedom of international commercial navigation and maritime transport within the framework of established international laws and rules-particularly those arising from the actions of non-state entities and terrorist movements-as they pose an unacceptable threat to global trade and to international peace and security. It emphasized the importance of all states’ solidarity in preserving the security and freedom of lawful maritime navigation on the high seas and in vital straits.
The Council condemned the attacks targeting oil tankers and commercial ships in the Arabian Gulf and the Sea of Oman, including the May 12, 2019 attack on two Saudi oil tankers, a Norwegian oil tanker, and a UAE cargo ship within the territorial waters of the United Arab Emirates; the Jun. 13, 2019 attack on two oil tankers in the Sea of Oman, one flying the Panamanian flag and the other the Marshall Islands flag, the Jul. 29, 2021 attack on the Mercer Street tanker; the Aug. 4, 2021 attempted hijacking of the Asphalt Princess; and the Apr. 13, 2024 seizure of the container ship MSC Aries, considering them criminal acts that threaten the security and safety of international maritime navigation and commercial shipping.
The Council warned that the continued threats by the Houthi militias to maritime security in the Red Sea and the Bab al-Mandeb Strait require a response by the international community in accordance with relevant rules of international law.
It affirmed its condemnation of the May 14, 2019 attack by the terrorist Houthi militias using explosive-laden drones on two oil pumping stations in the cities of Al Dawadmi and Afif in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which targeted global oil supplies.
The Council also condemned the detention by the Iranian authorities of ships in the Strait of Hormuz and the Arabian Gulf, in clear violation of international law, and called on Iran to refrain from such hostile acts, to adhere to international law, and to respect freedom of maritime navigation.
The Council further condemned and denounced the actions of the naval forces of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps in redeploying military forces on the three occupied Emirati islands of Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb, and Abu Musa on May 12, 2025; in conducting combat exercises on the three occupied Emirati islands of Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb, and Abu Musa on Sep. 6, 2024; and in launching naval maneuvers and carrying out combat drills from the occupied Abu Musa Island of the United Arab Emirates on Jun. 20, 2024; as well as deploying missile-equipped vessels in the Arabian Gulf.
It considered these steps an escalation that increases the risk of threats to the security of navigation, energy supply routes, and international trade, and that contradicts regional efforts toward de-escalation and rebuilding relations in ways that enhance channels of communication, dialogue, and commitment to joint action for the stability and prosperity of the region.
The Council condemned the terrorist and subversive attack on Sep. 14, 2019 against Saudi Aramco’s oil facilities in Abqaiq and Khurais in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia using drones and cruise missiles, deeming it a dangerous escalation aimed at destabilizing the Kingdom and the region and threatening global energy supplies and the world economy.
Regarding the situation in Sudan, the Council of the League of Arab States affirmed solidarity with the Republic of the Sudan and the brotherly Sudanese people in their efforts to safeguard their capabilities, protect their territory and vital infrastructure, maintain sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity, reject interference in their affairs, and bolster efforts to preserve national institutions and prevent their collapse by forming an independent civilian government. It rejected any steps or entities that would threaten Sudan’s safety and territorial unity and exacerbate the humanitarian situation.
The Council recalled the need for the immediate implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 2736 and relevant UN resolutions, and expressed deep concern over the growing phenomenon of mercenarism and the spread of mercenaries fighting in Sudan, emphasizing that this phenomenon poses a threat to Sudan’s security and stability and to Arab national security.
It stressed that Sudan’s security is an integral part of Arab national security and affirmed the importance of the League of Arab States’ role in defending the unity, safety, and stability of all member states.
The Council called on member states and relevant Arab organizations to provide urgent humanitarian support to Sudan and its people; to rehabilitate damaged facilities; and to increase regional and international responsiveness in ways that strengthen Sudan’s resilience against any threats to its unity and help it overcome the catastrophic effects afflicting the Sudanese people. It praised the efforts of the Secretary-General of the League in intensifying coordination between Sudan and all organs and institutions of joint Arab action, and requested that the Secretary-General continue his role with all relevant parties to ensure Sudan’s ability to overcome the current situation, based on relevant Arab and international resolutions.
The Council also called for a ceasefire in accordance with the Jeddah Declaration, and to consider the possibility of calling for the resumption of the Jeddah (3) track to reach sustainable peaceful solutions.
It called on the Arab Contact Group, comprising the foreign ministers of the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Secretary-General, to continue their good offices and efforts to reach solutions that meet the Sudanese aspirations for stability and development, affirming that the Sudanese people are the decision-maker regarding their country’s future.
Regarding Somalia, the Council of the League of Arab States affirmed support for the security, stability, unity, and sovereignty of Somalia and the integrity of its territory, support for the Somali government in its efforts to preserve Somali sovereignty by land, sea, and air; affirmation of the right of the Federal Republic of Somalia to lawful defense of its territory as stipulated in Article 51 of the UN Charter and relevant articles of the Charter of the League of Arab States; support for any measures it decides to take to confront attempts to aggress against it within the framework of international legitimacy; and affirmation of the firm Arab position of absolute rejection of any acts that undermine or violate the sovereignty of the Somali state.
Regarding the water security of the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Republic of the Sudan, the Council of the League of Arab States affirmed that the water security of both countries is an integral part of Arab national security, and rejected any act or measure that infringes upon their rights to the Nile waters.
The Council also expressed deep concern over the continued unilateral measures to fill and operate the Ethiopian dam, measures that contravene applicable rules of international law, especially the Declaration of Principles concluded between Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia in Khartoum on Mar. 23, 2015.
The Council likewise expressed grave concern over Ethiopian intransigence that led to the end of all negotiation tracks concerning the Ethiopian dam without reaching a fair, balanced, and legally binding agreement on the rules for filling and operating the dam that achieves the shared interests of the three countries and preserves the water rights of Egypt and Sudan, due to Ethiopia’s hardline positions that disregard the water interests of the downstream states, Egypt and Sudan, and the rules of international law.
It stressed rejection of Ethiopia organizing a ceremony to inaugurate the dam and rejection of participation in it, considering it an attempt to confer legitimacy on a dam built by Ethiopia without adherence to international law.
